Alexander the Great Biography

Alexander the great was born on late July 356BC in the capital city of Macedon kingdom. Alexander’s father was Philip 11, who was the honored king of Macedon and his mother was Olympias. Alexander’s mother was the fourth wife of Philip II the king among his other eight wives [1]. The mother to Alexander the great was the favorite wife of king Philip II. Olympia was also from a royal family as her father was a king.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander the Great Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the day that Alexander was born, several incidences were said to have happened in his father’s kingdom [2]. His father received good news that his army had worn in a two combined army war. Also, he was informed that on the Olympic games that were taking place during that period, the winners were his horses. On this same day when Alexander was born, it was marked by the 7th wonder of th e world of burning down of the temple of Artemis. The burning down of the temple led to the conclusion that it was because Artemis was absent confirming the birth of Alexander. All these incidences that happened on the day that Alexander was born were later associated with the leadership quality of him in the future. In his early childhood, there were two people who are greatly recognized by their efforts and contribution in Alexander’s life [3]. These two people are Lanike, the nurse who used to look after him in his early childhood and Leonidas who was a relative to his mother and used to tutor Alexander when he was a young boy. Another person who had agreed to participate in tutoring Alexander was Lysimachus; both of them assisted Alexander to discover more about his social life. When Alexander was ten years old, he demonstrated courage and ambition characters to his father, which made his father to be overwhelmed by joy. This incidence happened when Philip his father want ed to buy a horse from Thessaly trader. Unfortunately, this horse refused to carry anyone and the king told the owner to take it away. Alexander through his intelligence discovered that the horse feared its shadow and requested his father to be given a chance to tame the horse himself. Alexander managed this successfully, and his father assured him that his intelligence would serve better a bigger kingdom than Macedon[4]. His father considered Macedonia kingdom very small for his son’s ambition. As a sign of joy and assurance of a brighter future for his son, Philip bought that horse for Alexander. The horse was given name Bucephalus same as â€Å"ox-head†, and his father wanted it to be his sons companion in all his journeys. A time came when this horse died of old age, and Alexander named a certain city Bucephala as away of remembering that horse.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When Alexander attained the age of adolescence, his father started making arrangement for his higher education. Philip wanted a tutor who would be of much help to his son, as he had developed high hopes for his son to become a successful leader who would enlighten people’s lives [5]. He ignored the requests of many tutors even for a tutor Platos who had volunteered to resign from his academy to be Alexander’s tutor. Philip searched far and wide for a tutor, and later decided to take Aristotle, who also accepted to be Alexander’s tutor. Philip the king gave them one of the temples to act as their classroom. Philip decided to reward the work of Aristotle of teaching Alexander by building again Aristotle’s hometown, releasing all those were in exile, and completely freeing those who were enslaved. The temple in which Alexander and Aristotle were conducting the studies was in Mieza and was like a boarding school. Other children of Macedonian dignitaries were also learning together with Alexander. Most of these children were the future friends and generals of Alexander[6]. In this temple, Aristotle taught Alexander and the other children variety of fields. Some of the major fields that were covered by Aristotle included medicine, philosophy, and social values among others. This was to equip Alexander and his companion with wide knowledge to enable them face the future challenges of all aspects. Out of Aristotle’s teachings, Alexander developed special interests in specific fields among others. For instance, he did well in lliad. Alexander the great has been intended to become a leader since the time he was born. Some of the qualities that showed a sense of leadership in him included, he was from a famous lineage, his physical appearances, and mental capabilities acquired through his short but productive schooling[7]. Alexander was the first son of Philip, and had inherited the bloodline of royalty from both the pa rents. His clear expression and commanding loud voice was considered to be a good attribute of a future leader. When he was a very young boy it was noticeable that he had a good speed and a unique determination. When it was realized that Alexander is an intelligent person, Aristotle was introduced to him, to give some lessons and acquire more knowledge to better his promising future. In addition, Alexander portrayed an admirable public profile in the whole of his childhood. Everyone liked his character of courageously accepting challenges despite his status by then.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander the Great Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alexander schooling with Aristotle ended when he was 16 years old. When his father was greatly involved in the war he became Lieutenancy of the Realm. At this age, Alexander showed some interests in the field of medicine by recommending the best medicines t o his relatives and friends[8]. His first great victory was recognized at the age of 17 years, when his father gave him the authority of being the leader during the attack of allied Thebes, and Megara. Moreover, the Maedi showed some signs of rebelling the Macedonian rule, and Alexander was very quick to respond to this rebellion. Alexander reacted furiously by crushing the maedi revolution, chased them from their territory, and colonized them through the efforts of Greeks. That is how he became the founder of Alexandropolis city. Soon after, Alexander was confirmed to have saved his fathers life in a certain campaign concerning the Perinthus city. During this time, Philip the king had already started entrusting his young son to some complicated activities[9]. For instance, he told Alexander to initiate an army to lead the campaigns in Greece. Alexander took this responsibility very keenly, as he considered the likelihood of other Greek states involving themselves with that matter. Alexander made great preparations that made Illyrians to think he was about to attack them. In return, Illyrians also started to prepare to attack Macedonia, but they received a strong resistance from Alexander. Theban garrison rebelled against the ruling of Philip the king, and the king decided to unite with his son Alexander and their army to make a journey and occupy the city of Elatea. On their journey to Elatea, they received great resistance from Athens and Thebes. During the fight, Philip the king led the right side, and Alexander the son led the left side together with the kings trusted armies[10]. The fight took place for a very long time, and finally they defeated the Thebans and crushed them. As a celebration of their victory Philip the king and his son Alexander were welcomed by all the cities but received a showdown in Sparta.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alexander and his father Philip the king had a conflict, when the king decided to marry Cleopatra Eurydice who was a relative to one of kings general. Alexander discovered that his place in kingship would be taken away from him incase Cleopatra bore the king a son [11]. Alexander reacted furiously to his father’s action, and fled away together with his mother and his brother. He left them in Dodona, the capital city of Epirus. Alexander extended his journey to Illyrian, and was welcomed by the Illyrian king despite that they had fought few years before. After six months, their family friend made some efforts to reconcile the king with his son, and Alexander returned to Macedon. After one year, the Caria governor was ready to offer his daughter to Alexander’s half brother. Alexander’s friends together with his mother advised him to oppose that idea, as it would be an indication that his half brother would be the king’s heir. Alexander was determined enough to fight against this act by sending a certain actor to stop the governor from giving out his daughter to an illegitimate son. That actor was to advise the governor that his daughter was supposed to be offered to Alexander. At the age of twenty, his father Philip passed away as a result of assassination by Pausanias the captain [12]. After that deadly act, Pausanius tried to escape with no success, he was also killed by people some of them Alexander’s companion. This incidence made Alexander to be proclaimed as the new king at his tender age of twenty. After taking over the thrown, Alexander ordered all his potential rival opponents to be killed. Some of the people that Alexander wanted to be eradicated from his kingdom were close relatives. Alexander did not mind whether his rivals were relatives or not but he wanted all of them killed. His mother Olympias also took this opportunity to get rid of her co-wife. Mercilessly, olympias ordered Cleopatra and her daughter to be bu rned alive. Alexander did not take the actions of Olympias of killing her co-wife and her daughter kindly. He was very furious by those actions of his mother. In addition, to ensure that his new kingdom was free from all enemies, Alexander ordered the murder of Attalus, his daughter, and grandchildren as he considered them to be dangerous in his kingdom [13]. The death of Philip the king made several states to be rebellious for instance, Thebes and Athens, but Alexander was quick and ready to respond to their rebellious status. Alexander’s advisors wanted him to apply diplomacy but he quickly formed an army of more than 3000 men to attack the rivals. Work Cited Gunther, John. Alexander the Great. SanFrancisco: Paw Prints, 2008. Kishlansky, Mark, Geary Patrick, and O’Brien, Patricia. Civilization In The West. (4th ed), New York: Pearson Long man, 2005. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. (2nd ed), New York: Routledge, 2004. Footnotes Gunther, John. Alexander the Gr eat. SanFrancisco: Paw Prints, 2008 pp. 11. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. (2nd ed), New York: Routledge, 2004 pp. 14. Ibid pp. 12 Kishlansky, Mark, Geary Patrick, and O’Brien, Patricia. Civilization In The West. New York: Pearson Long man, 2005 pp. 87. Ibid pp. 102 Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. (2nd ed), New York: Routledge, 2004 pp. 15. Ibid pp.18. Gunther, John. Alexander the Great. SanFrancisco: Paw Prints, 2008 pp. 20. Kishlansky, Mark, Geary Patrick, and O’Brien, Patricia. Civilization In The West. New York: Pearson Long man, 2005 pp. 125. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. (2nd ed), New York: Routledge, 2004 pp. 85. Kishlansky, Mark, Geary Patrick, and O’Brien, Patricia. Civilization In The West. New York: Pearson Long man, 2005 pp. 206. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. (2nd ed), New York: Routledge, 2004 pp. 103. Gunther, John. Alexander the Great. SanFrancisco: Paw Prints, 2008 pp. 121. This essay on Alexander the Great Biography was written and submitted by user Hassan Barlow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lab Animal Experimentation essays

Lab Animal Experimentation essays My research paper is about lab animal experimentations the pros and cons of experiments, and alternatives to the experiments. I am discussing three types of experiments they are biomedical research specifically vivisection, the LD-50 test, and Draize testing. Each of the experiments is performed on many types of animals, however I will be focusing only on rabbits. I. Background on Lab Animal Experimentation A. Information that has been consulted about these experiments B. History of lab animal experimentation IV. Conclusion: How the alternatives produce better results Laboratory animal experimentation is performed to find cures for the ill and medicine to prevent illness. Sounds like a good idea to me. But have you ever thought of experimentation from the perspective of an animal? Put yourself in their shoes. Lets take it from the beginning. You are born in a laboratory, then bred in the laboratory, meanwhile being caged in the laboratory. You are constantly tortured in the laboratory, and finally you die in that laboratory. Not the way I ever would expect my life to be, but then I am a human, not an animal. Yet are not humans animals? We are classified as being in the same kingdom. So what gives humans the right to give and take the life of an innocent animal? Not just one animal but also millions of animals. "Every second of every day of every year, an animal dies in an experiment in the United States"("Last Chance For Animals" 1). There are millions of animals killed each year in laboratories some are recorded some are not. There is little rep orted about laboratories because of their strict security and confidentiality. Never the less I have found many sources telling of the agonizing tests rendered to these helpless animals. I found it very intriguing that many of the authors are scientists themselves, or were scientists at one point in their life. The first book I came across is, Lab Animal Abuse: Vivisection Expose...

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Research Paper

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia - Research Paper Example Bolsheviks, who used their power in the Petrograd Soviets to gain support from the armed forces, successfully propagated the Bolshevik Revolution. Referred to as the Red Guards, Bolsheviks armies, led by the Military Revolutionary Committee took part in the revolution that shaped the course of Russian political arena. The Bolshevik Revolution came at a time when Russia was at the brick of collapsing under its numerous problems occasioned by its leadership (Litvin 2001, 49). Reasons for the Bolsheviks revolution The Revolution emerged, as the people of Russia grew weary of the rule of Czar Nicholas II, who had compelled over ten million Russians to join the First World War The Soviets were disillusioned by the death and suffering they underwent during the war and considered Czar Nicholas II an unworthy leader. In addition, the Soviets were angered by the move by the Russian Provisional Government to launch an offensive against the German and Hungarian armies. The Russian Provisional G overnment emerged after overthrowing the regime led by Czar Nicholas II, the former consisted primarily of bankers, industrialist and lawyers, who had promised to end Russia’s involvement in the World War, a promised they did not fulfill. The people of Russia protested the insurgence against these armies, but the government paid little attention to them. In addition, the Provisional Government officials who continued to amass wealth through corruption and massive taxes imposed on the Russian working class disillusioned the Soviets. The political elite were impervious to the suffering of the common folk in the nation as they continued in the footsteps of Czar Nicholas II. The Bolshevik Party sort to establish a government led by the workers and peasants able to make decisions that favored the Russian proletariat and bring to an immediate end the tyranny witnessed at the hands of the Provisional Government. Demonstrations against the government on the grounds of its support for the war led to crises in the Provisional Government and the emergence of the slogan, â€Å"all power to the soviets.† Another reason for the Bolshevik Revolution was the Provisional Government’s refusal to distribute land to the Russian masses and soldiers, who had requested land ownership over long periods of time. The peasants and workers took part in several revolts against landowners and tried to forcefully acquired their land, but were defeated by the Provisional Government, which also imprisoned the Bolsheviks Party’s leader. This apprehension of the leader resulted in Lenin going into exile for fear of being captured by the government. This served to further ignite the workers’ passion for a change in governance (Service 2005, p. 88). Moreover, we note that life in Russia in 1917 had become intolerable to the peasants and workers; disarray had ensued in sectors such as transportation, political and industrial relations. Massive declines in industr ial production resulted in closure of a majority of businesses in the nation’s industrial centers. Plunging production and closure of enterprises resulted in massive unemployment and loss of

KIngdoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KIngdoms - Essay Example Plants kingdom consists of over 25,000 different species and is the second largest kingdom ever known (Caroll 177). It consists of all the plant ranging from the tiny green mosses to giant trees and almost every creature on earth which does not have the ability to make their own food depend on them either directly or indirectly. They depend on them directly through eating them or indirectly through eating other animals which depend on the plants (Mader 399). Despite the differences between the plant and animals kingdom, they posses also certain similarities which include the fact that both of them are alive hence plants can make their own food and animals move around to look for food. Both plants and animals also have the ability to reproduce to boost their population (Martin and Hine 376). In this case, animals give birth to babies or lay eggs from which the babies hatch while on the other hand plants reproduce by shedding seeds which they disperse to various places through wind or animals excrement, a term usually referred to as pollination (Wilhelm 201). Both the plants and animals also eliminate waste products from their bodies. For instance, deciduous trees eliminate their wastes through the leaves which usually fall down during autumn season. On the other hand, animal eliminate their wastes materials after respiration process through a process known as excretion. Both plants and animals also respire, and in this case, plants take in Carbon dioxide gas and give out oxygen, while animals take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. Vallin and Heath argues that God’s work was miraculous since He created the differences between the plant and animals kingdom perhaps with the reason of to enable them to depend on each other, in a way of controlling the population of the kingdoms (67). For instance, animals would control the plants

Argumentative Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argumentative Research Report - Essay Example One of the strong arguments for legalization of drugs stems from the inadmissibility of the continuation of the current state of affairs, when hundreds of thousands of people are arrested every year and kept behind bars for possession of illegal substances for personal usage, and not for sale (Inciardi, 2005, p.133). At the same time, realistically looking at things we have to confess that even under such a harsh regime there has not occurred a significant reduction in drugs use, and there seems to be no perspective for such reduction at all, because for many people drugs offer a much valued ability to escape from the unpleasant aspects of our reality. Thus, the measures of prosecution and compulsory rehabilitation of drugs addicts substitutes one evil for another as they only add to the unhappiness of people who depend on drugs by intensifying in them an atmosphere of psychological tension that may actually contribute to the drug-oriented behavior and addiction (Zimmer and Morgan, 2 001, p. 36). Moreover, the illegal status of drugs is the single greatest boon for the criminal narco-mafia, which has become a proper symbol of evil to be fought with, and which is in fact interested in the prevention of legalization of drugs. Considering the above-mentioned, we may infer on sound grounds that the current state of affairs regarding policies towards drugs abuse are often based on superficial understanding of the essence of the phenomenon they are aimed against, so they often lead to ineffective and even damaging consequences. In fact, experiments with prohibition are definitely well known for the United States, one has just to recollect the 18th Amendment that in 1919 outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic drinks. Needless to remind that criminal activity surged, and health of now illegal drinkers was threatened by illegal alcohol of dubious quality (Haynes and Harding 2004, pp. 262-278). Besides, efforts

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another? Drawing on material from the lectures, and using the conceptual framework of ontology, explanation and methodology: Critically discuss the extent to which psychological theories and methodologies are compatible, conflicting or co-existing. Matthew Belmonte lecture topic (social cognition) Prof David Crundall lecture topic (risk taking/road traffic behaviour) Dr Florentia Hadjiefthyvoulou lecture topic (behavioural/drug addiction) Dr David Wilde lecture topic (introduction to a qualitative approach to psychology, critical health psychology, out of body experience) Conceptual framework: ontology, explanation and methodology. 9TH MAY. Psychologists may be interested in similar questions, what makes psychology unique? What makes this a psychological question? What are we learning about ourselves – social psychology, different components of who we are (bystander effect). Developmental psychology, following certain methodologies (a blank state/innate/genetics/nature vs nurture) Personality/individuality – construct generalisations in similar contexts – what makes us the same? (nomothetic approach) The normative functioning state of behaviour (able to recognise abnormal behaviour) How do psychologists go about studying what they study? Interested in the human being – who you are? Social/society/environment the relationship between them all, how do they fit together between the mind, behaviour and body (the mental state of mind, consciousness and physical aspect/body/brain as control centre?) Ontology – what is the nature/essential essence of the subject matter (what is the thing ‘in itself’?) What is it that needs explaining? Explanation (theory) – how do we explain the psychological phenomena? Language needs to coincide with ontology. How well does the explanation match ontology? What counts as appropriate evidence to support the explanation? Methodology – what methods do we employ to test (support/refute) psychological explanation (theory)? Evidence to support explanation to confirm ontology. Is this the best method of gathering the evidence to support the explanation? What is psychology? Is psychology†¦the scientific study of the human mind (thoughts and mental consciousness)? The study of the brain (helps to perceive reality (function) essence – neurological physical thing – made up of neurons)? The study of behaviour (intention and action fit in)? A QUESTION OF ONTOLOGY – WHAT IS THE MIND? WHAT IS THE BRAIN? WHAT IS BEHAVIOUR? Is te mind the same as the brain, or are they different? Is behaviour the same as movement? What about intention and action: how do they relate to behaviour? A QUESTION OF EXPLANATION – HOW DO WE EXPLAIN the relationship between mind, brain and behaviour. How is the mind related to the brain? How is the mind/brain related to behaviour? Is it that†¦ mind, brain, mind and brain CAUSE behaviour? A QUESTION OF METHODOLOGY – HOW DO WE STUDY the mind, the brain and behaviour. Take into account of historical context? If psychology is the (scientific) study of mind/brain/behaviour then where, in all of this, is the person? ONTOLOGY: Is the person their mind, their brain, their behaviour or all of these? EXPLANATION: How are these related to each other in the construction of a person? METHODOLOGY: How do we study a person? Placing psychological research in HISTORICAL CONTEXT: to understand the current state of psychology, why psychology is as it is. The origins of some of the issues and questions that relate to psychology and psychology as a science. To better understand why these issues and questions have arisen and also learn from those who preceded us. FH: Conceptual framework with addiction: Ontology – what causes addiction? Explanation – theories of addiction. Methodology – how do we study these theories? What causes addiction – many theories try to answer this complicated question. Sociocultural perspective (people form addictions under stressful living conditions), psychodynamic perspective, cognitive-behavioural perspective (operant conditioning is a key role in addiction), biological perspective (addiction is a disease that the individual has no control over) Is addiction nature (a disease = biological) or nurture (social learning phenomenon) Disease model of addiction: the individual has no control over drinking habits – treatments such as Alcohol Anonymous is based on theory as addiction is a disease because of genetic make-up. ‘The disease concept of alcoholism’ (Jellinek 1960) The inability to control drinking. ‘Addiction is a disease that originates from the biological, neurological and genetic makeup of an individual’. Disease model of addiction: where does the evidence come from? Genetic predisposition factors: Animal breeding studies, whereby animals showed a preference to alcohol, their offspring also (genetic makeup) (Carroll and Meisch 2011, Weiss, 2011) Human twins studies (inherit genetic predisposition) (Legrand et al., 2005, Tsuang et al., 2001) Kaij 1960. Adoption studies (gives support to disease model of addiction) (Walters 2002, Goldstein 1994) Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology techniques. Abnormal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene in participants with substance use disorder (Cosgrove 2010; Blum et al., 1996) Disease model of addiction: where does this evidence come from? Psychological factors: the reward system or ‘pleasure pathway’: ‘a brain circuit that is involved in mediating the effects of reinforcement and is fundamental in initiating and maintaining behaviours important for survival’. Evidence from animal studies – Behaviours such as consuming food and alcohol that we enjoy doing kick start the brain reward system Particular neuron circuits light up during pleasure – neuron transmitter is dopamine (feel good hormones that give a pleasurable feeling – from MRI studies) that produces euphoria and reinforces the behaviour to be repeated (how addictive behaviours are maintained and reinforced). Is the disease model the only explanation for our question? The most important causes of addictive behaviour are psychological in nature and not biological. Robins (1979) importance of social setting on drug taking. Social learning theory ‘addiction is a learned behaviour and is the result of observation and modelling (social and family interaction)’ The individual: personality traits (Sher et al 1991; Terracciano et al, 2007; Wilson et al., 2010) low self-esteem, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, vulnerability, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Is there an addictive personality? Other high risk factors: permissive family attitudes to addictive behaviours. Addictive behaviours by parents or family members. Low commitment to school. Early peer rejection (alienation), attitudes favourable to addictive behaviours. Early onset of the behaviour – underlying depression, anxiety. The environment: the cultural context and customs underpinning the addictive behaviour. Extreme economic deprivation (mainly for drug addiction) ‘heroin is the ideal drug for the unemployed’. Substance cost and availability – the most significant predictor of use and peer associations. Family interaction model (Baer et al 1987) higher risk through: deficits in parenting, family tension, rejection, emotional distancing and parental alienation. The behaviour: once learned, addiction is maintained through cognitive factors, expectancies and cues. Operant Conditioning (Skinner), Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Examples of factors reinforcing an addictive behaviour: positive reinforcement associated with: the psychopharamacology of the drug (relevant to substance addiction), crucial importance of the role of the dopaminergic system (reward), the social aspect of the behaviour – peer recognition, group identity, cultural norms etc. Negative reinforcement associated with: avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, some drugs/behaviours alleviate psychological distress/trauma, relief of boredom, coping with poor living conditions etc. Protective factors: a supportive family environment, a caring relationship with at least one adult, positive temperament, a social support system that encourages effort. So what causes addiction? Is addiction a disease? Is addiction a social learning phenomenon? Can both biological and psychological theories explain addiction? How well does the explanation (theories of addiction) match the ontology? Do methods of gathering evidence support the explanation? Are methods compatible, conflicting or co-existing? What does this say about the nature of psychology? Stress, Family Environment, and Multiple Substance Use Among Seventh Graders P. E. Baer, R. J. McLaughlin, M. A. Burnside, A. D. Pokorny, and L. B. Garmezy  Baylor College of Medicine. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours. 1987, Vol. 1, No 2. 92-103 Seventh graders reported using more alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis, singly or in combination, if they also reported having more stressful events occurring in their lives. This was the case whether the stressful events were of major proportion; Major life stressors had consistently a more reliable relationship to substance use than the minor irritants when the number of events that had occurred was considered. From a qualitative point  of view, the troublesomeness of daily irritants retains an independent relationship with usage apart from the frequency of stressors and does so apart from the correlation of usage and anxiety. Family support and stressors independently relate to substance usage.

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay examp

Light and Dark Imagery in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a novel about a man named Marlow and his journey into the depths of the African Congo. Marlow is in search of a man named Kurtz, an ivory trader. Though Marlow?s physical journey seems rather simple, it takes him further into his own heart and soul than into the Congo. The setting, symbols and characters each contain light and dark images, these images shape the central theme of the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conrad uses light and dark imagery to help create the setting for the story; light represents civilization while darkness suggests the uncivilized. The novel opens on the deck of a boat called the Nellie, as we are introduced to the passengers we are told how the sun is slowly fading, and soon darkness will engulf the area. This image is Conrad?s first use of light and darkness; he uses it to foreshadow the ultimate darkness Marlow will face. Conrad is warning his readers to be careful, lest they let down their guard and allow the darkness to come them. The other character in the book, Kurtz, is taken over by the evil embodied in the darkness. During Kurtz?s journey into the heart of darkness the isolation, darkness and power all made him lose control of himself and allowed the darkness to take over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every aspect in Conrad?s book has a deep meaning, which can then be linked to the light and dark imagery. In the novel there are two rivers, the Thames and the Congo. The...

Perfume Analysis

FACH2702 Practical Analysis of imposter perfumes Aim: To determine which out of 4 unknown samples are genuine perfumes, and which are imposter/fake perfumes. This will be done by analysing gas chromatography plots, and comparing the components in the samples to that of a known standard perfume. Results: To determine which of the four sample perfumes where imposter and which were real, components present in each perfume were analysed using gas chromatography and compared to the known real perfume sample. The components identified for comparison included vanillin, 3-penten-2-one, diethyl phthalate and cyclopentanaecetic acid.The relative concentration of each of the components in the samples was calculated for comparison. In the control sample, the relative concentration of each of these components were calculated using the area under each of the peaks (appendix 3): The same was done for unknown perfume sample 1 and it was found that while the relative concentrations of each component were close to the control perfume, they were not close enough to conclude that the sample was a real perfume, (however a very good rip off). (appendix 4)After analysing perfume sample 2, we could conclude that this sample was an imposter perfume as there was a significant increase in both 3-pentan-2-one and cyclopentanaecetic acid, to substitute for the loss in diethyl phthalate. (appendix 5). Sample 3 showed relative concentrations of each compound that were very close to the control sample, hence it was classed as a real perfume (appendix 6) It was found that sample 4’s relative concentrations of each component were completely off that of the control perfume, hence it is an imposter perfume. appendix 7) Discussion: There weren’t many areas for errors in this practical that would be attributed to our own human error. The gas chromatographer itself was very repeatable and hence the only error in the computers results would be due to a calibration error. Another error i n this experiment could be linked to the preparation of the samples, some components in the perfumes are very volatile and hence if the cap were left off the perfume, concentrations of those components would decrease, altering the detection during analysis.Conclusion: Using Gas chromatography, the components vanillin, diethyl phthalate, 3-pentan-2-one and cyclopentanaecetic acid were analysed in four samples and their relative concentrations were calculated and compared to a known control perfume sample. From these calculations, it was concluded that samples 1,2 and 4 were imposter perfumes, while sample 3 had very similar relative concentrations of its compounds and was hence classed as a real perfume.

Solons Constitution and the Rise of Democracy

Solons Constitution and the Rise of Democracy And all the others were called Thetes, who were not admitted to any office, but could come to the assembly, and act as jurors; which at first seemed nothing, but afterwards was found an enormous privilege, as almost every matter of dispute came before them in this latter capacity.- Plutarch Life of Solon Reforms of Solons Constitution After dealing with the immediate crises in 6th century Athens, Solon redefined citizenship so as to create the foundations of democracy. Before Solon, the eupatridai (nobles) had a monopoly on the government by virtue of their birth. Solon replaced this hereditary aristocracy with one based on wealth. In the new system, there were four propertied classes in Attica (greater Athens). Depending on how much property they owned, citizens were entitled to run for certain offices denied those lower on the property scale. In return for holding more positions, they were expected to contribute more. Those who were worth 500 measures of fruits, dry and liquid, he placed in the first rank, calling them Pentacosiomedimni (note the prefix meaning five);Those who could keep a horse, or were worth three hundred measures, were named Hippada Teluntes, and made the second class (note the hipp- prefix meaning horse);The Zeugitae, who had two hundred measures, were in the third (note the zeug- is thought to refer to a yoke).Solon added, as a fourth class, the thetes, serfs with only a small amount of property. Classes (Review) PentacosiomedimnoiHippeisZeugitaiThetes Offices to which members could be elected (by class) PentacosiomedimnoiTreasurer,Archons,Financial officials, and theBoule.HippeisArchons,Financial officials, and theBoule.ZeugitaiFinancial officials, and theBouleThetes Property Qualification and Military Obligation Pentacosiomedimnoiproduced 500 measures or more of produce per year.Hippeis (cavalry)produced 300 measures.Zeugitai (hoplites)produced 200 measures.Thetesdidnt produce enough for the military census. It is thought that Solon was the first to admit the thetes to the ekklesia (assembly), the meeting of all citizens of Attica. The ekklesia had a say in appointing archons and could also listen to accusations against them. The citizenry also formed a judicial body (dikasteria), which heard many legal cases. Under Solon, rules were relaxed as to who could bring a case to court. Earlier, the only ones who could do so were the injured party or his family, but now, except in cases of homicide, anyone could. Solon may also have established the boule, or Council of 400, to determine what should be discussed in the ekklesia. One hundred men from each of the four tribes (but only those in the upper three classes) would have been picked by lot to form this group. However, since the word boule would also have been used by the Areopagus, and since Cleisthenes created a boule of 500, there is cause to doubt this Solonian accomplishment. The magistrates or archons may have been selected by lot and election. If so, each tribe elected 10 candidates. From the 40 candidates, nine archons were selected by lot each year. This system would have minimized influence-peddling while giving the gods the ultimate say. However, in his Politics, Aristotle says the archons were selected the way they had been before Draco, with the exception that all citizens had the right to vote. Those archons who had completed their year in office were enrolled in the Council of the Areopagus. Since archons could only come from the top three classes, its composition was entirely aristocratic. It was considered a censoring body and the guardian of the laws. The ekklesia had the power to try archons at the end of their year in office. Since the ekklesia probably selected the archons, and since, in time, it became common practice to make legal appeals to the ekklesia, the ekklesia (i.e., the people) had the supreme power. References J.B. Bury. A History of Greece.Reed Colleges David Silvermans Early Athenian Institutions (http://homer.reed.edu/GkHist/EarlyAthenianLect.html)John Porters Solon (http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/SolonNotes.html)Athenian Democracy (keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm)Ancient Greece: Athens (wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM)

Essay eth 501 mod 4

Essay eth 501 mod 4 Essay eth 501 mod 4 Benefits of Corporate Responsibility and Business Ethics ETH501 Business Ethics Module 4 Case 4 Trident University Abstract The terms "business ethics" and "corporate social responsibility" are used differently by various organizations, companies and media. Other related terms include: sustainability, governance, corporate responsibility, stakeholder engagement, corporate citizenship, and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. All of these terms relate to how a company or organization interacts with a various stakeholders including shareholders, employees, the environment, civil society and the community in general. "business ethics" it relates to the conduct of an organization with its internal stakeholders and business partners. Business ethics deals with how ethical issues are addressed within the culture of the organization. Corporate Social Responsibility refers specifically to relationships with external stakeholders such as representatives of the community and environment and often relates to businesses role in society. Business ethics and social responsibility are two concepts many individuals believe go hand in hand for companies in the business environment. Business ethics are the moral principles a company uses to ensure all employees act in an acceptable manner when completing business functions. Social responsibility is typically an ideological theory that governments and the general public hold, believing that businesses should not conduct themselves in a manner counter to cultural or societal norms. The marriage of these concepts occurs when companies institute a written code of ethics to prove that the company only acts in its best interest so long as it does not damage the company’s social responsibility. Ethics can mean many things to different individuals and businesses. What one business deems as acceptable behavior, another may see as unethical or inappropriate. While many different types of ethics exist, the common good approach most closely connects business ethics and social responsibility. Common good ethics is a Greek philosophy that says that all individuals should follow or use the ethical traits that do the most to advance the common good of society. While this ethical approach can apply to different regions or nations, a basic set of ethical traits include honesty, integrity, transparency, and accountability. These traits ensure that owners, managers, and employees do not act in their own self interest, but uphold societal values as the guiding force for the company’s operations. Large organizations and publicly held companies often use corporate governance to promote business ethics and social responsibility. This governance creates the framework of policies, procedures, and guidelines for all individuals financially invested in a company. Outside stakeholders who do not have an investment can also benefit from corporate governance. Large organizations and publicly held companies typically face more scrutiny pertaining to business ethics s ince they command large portions of a region or nation’s economic resources. These companies must try to provide benefits to local communities and increase the living standards of as many people as possible, and they must be careful not pollute the surrounding environment. While business ethics certainly play an important role in the business environment, it is possible for governments and individuals to demand too much social responsibility from companies. While companies should not abuse or misuse natural and economic resources, companies cannot pay for all the needs or wants of individuals. Some governments, individuals, or special interest groups can try to force companies into paying more money to improve society than the company can afford. This can result in lower business profits and the inability to pay for future, more

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

Journal - Essay Example and meditate on the contents pf the reading materials in order to understand clearly and to be able to make them valuable by relating them to everyday life. Writing involves a lot of thinking which is time-consuming but definitely productive. Thus, although the task is difficult, it has been helpful for the improvement of my writing skills. In relation to analysis, one has to think how to start and end the process. This means that knowing the parts of an essay makes the ordeal easier. As I came to understand more clearly the different parts of an essay and how they should be written, I have not only improved in expressing my thoughts through the written form but I also learned to organize my thoughts. Referencing also made writing difficult. When one uses references in his texts, those sources should be correctly cited to avoid plagiarism. This is very important because is stealing a writer’s intellectual property and is punishable by the law. I have learned how to correctly c ite my references in this class. Overall, I have not just improved my writing abilities. I also learned how to write in a professional manner. I learned to organize my thoughts well and to put them into writing so that readers will be able to understand me. I have learned to question the ideas I read and reference them when I use them in my

A Critical Exploration of Roles and Professionalism Essay

A Critical Exploration of Roles and Professionalism - Essay Example Professionalism in this respect and in relation to this paper and that of teaching profession in England shall be taking to encompass teacher’s conduct, their commitment to quality and to learners and upholding of positive attitude. A desirable teacher is the one who assists the learners to learn. The roles undertaken by the teacher require both educational expertise as well as content knowledge. As briefly indicated earlier, the teacher acts as a facilitator, as a role model to the learners, as an information provider, as a leaning resources developer, as a planner and as an assessor. In England the teacher is supposed to pass on information as well as knowledge to the learners. This is presumably the primary role that the teacher plays in facilitating leaning. Here the teacher is expected to share their thoughts in assisting to illuminate the ideas that underlie a certain subject of study. As a role model the teacher should uphold good moral grounds that every learner should emulate. The teacher on the other hand should at all time act as a learning facilitator and a mentor to their learners (Shirley et al. 1984). In England there has been a move towards having a more learner centred learning. Therefore, the teacher has become more of a facilitator in the learning process. The teacher is also taken to be an assessor of learners’ competence. This is where the teacher is supposed to be an excellent examiner who is able to incorporate all the assessment issues. The teacher is supposed to come up with the required learning outcomes as well as assess the learn ers’ leaning outcomes. In the process of assessing the learners’ competence in grasping the content taught, the teacher also assess themselves as the results indicate the effectiveness of the teaching processes applied there before. This encompasses the evaluation role that the teachers should play in instilling knowledge which forms a